2000 Generations One Race: Homo Sapiens
Now Playing: Y-chromosome and mtDNA tracers
Most scientists today agree that Homo sapiens -- modern human beings --originated in Africa some 200,000 years ago, and that between 60,000 and 100,000 years ago, small groups began migrating out of Africa and spreading out across the continents.

Over time, these groups of migratory humans became isolated from one another, and eventually mutation and other evolutionary pressures produced slight genetic changes, some of which are responsible for the differences in appearance we've commonly used to divide up human beings into racial groups. But periods of isolation were followed, as trade and transportation were developed, by periods of admixture -- the mixing of populations that had previously been separate.

A map of the migrations of early humans, as reconstructed via DNA studies.

By tracing slight changes in DNA and by combining that data with a calculation of the rate at which genetic material changes over time, researchers have been able to reconstruct the general pattern of the historical migrations of peoples across the globe, starting in East or South Africa and extending north into Europe and Asia and eastward to the Pacific Islands and through the Americas, to the tip of South America.

The research indicates that all humans alive today share a couple of common ancestors, a woman who lived in Africa around 150,000 years ago (with the 1st~ mtDNA marker), and a man who lived in Africa around 60,000 years ago (with the 1st~ Y-chromosome marker), at around the time human beings began to leave Africa to explore the rest of the world.

Considering that commonality, it's no surprise the amount of variation between even the most disparate groups of human beings is very small. It's estimated that people share some 99.9% of their DNA. Even looking at that .1% that does vary, 85% of the variation that has been observed is unconnected to membership in any particular group of people; only 15% of the variation is between defined groups. In fact, because as a species we spent the most time in Africa, the greatest amount of genetic variations are currently found among people living on the African continent -- on a genetic level, an individual of East African ancestry may have more in common with a European than with a West African.

Since the differences that separate groups of humans are truly miniscule -- amounting to a little more than one-tenth of one-tenth of a percent of the entire human genome -- researchers into the genetics of populations have to work with extremely minute variations in the code of life.

What they look for are genetic markers known as "single nucleotide polymorphisms" or SNPs (pronounced "snips"). These are single-"letter" variations, where one of the four bases that make up DNA -- adenine (A), guanine (G), cytosine (C), or thymine (T) -- is substituted for another at a specific point within a known gene. In particular, scientists look for and document SNPs whose frequency varies widely between different population groups.

These SNPs are referred to by scientists as being highly "informative," that is, they correspond to differences in ancestry, though they may not be within the genes that code for skin color, nose shape, hair texture, or any of the other physically observable characteristics we think of as indicating race.

While the actual science is quite complex, and depends heavily on statistics and information theory, one can think of a group of SNPs that occur together -- that is, they seem to be inherited together as a group -- as making up a "haplotype," and a group of haplotypes as a "haplogroup."

When the SNPs in question are highly informative -- that is, they have been observed to occur noticeably more often in one or more population groups than simply among human beings in general, they can be used to make deductions about the history of populations and the heritage of individuals.

Basically, these informative markers (and groups of informative markers linked in haplotypes and haplogroups) can be used to infer ancestry and linked to particular regions of the world or estabilished lines of descent, then simple DNA testing can be used to make surprisingly clear deductions about what sort of genetic heritage a particular person might have -- the very premise behind AFRICAN AMERICAN LIVES.

A map of the general distribution of genetic markers informative of ancestry among populations worldwide.

The map of admixture test results above shows both the variation and commonality among the world's population groups.

Four common groups of genetic markers are shown on this map: Blue indicates the markers found most widely in Europeans; maroon sub-Saharan Africans; beige East Asians; and aqua Native Americans. As you can see, there is a fair amount of shared genetic information among today's human beings -- even the "purest" African, Native American, East Asian, and European groups (marked with "P"s on the map) bear the genetic legacy of encounters with other groups.

While haplogroups are not directly analogous to races or ethnicities, certain haplotypes and haplogroups are observed more frequently in some groups of people than others. It's possible, in some sense, to think of these haplogroups and haplotypes as branches of the human family tree.

It's a far more complex and varied type of tree than 19th century theorists of race had in mind -- a better image to keep in mind might be a dense, intertwined network of roots, with new shoots springing up from a number of intersections.

Remember, over the course of human history populations have gone through periods of isolation and intermixing, so the difference between groups is largely a matter of different statistical frequencies of variations from an agreed-on standard, not a radical difference.

There is a biological dimension to what we understand as race, but it differs from the simplistic, linear understanding of racists who have sought to ground their ideologies in science. Looking at the human genome, race is nearly as complex a biological concept as it is a social one.

The Journey of Man: A Genetic Odyssey by Spencer Wells

Around 60,000 years ago, a man--identical to us in all important respects--lived in Africa. Every person alive today is descended from him. How did this real-life Adam wind up father of us all? What happened to the descendants of other men who lived at the same time? And why, if modern humans share a single prehistoric ancestor, do we come in so many sizes, shapes, and races?

Showing how the secrets about our ancestors are hidden in our genetic code, Spencer Wells reveals how developments in the cutting-edge science of population genetics have made it possible to create a family tree for the whole of humanity. We now know not only where our ancestors lived but who they fought, loved, and influenced.

Informed by this new science, The Journey of Man is replete with astonishing information. Wells tells us that we can trace our origins back to a single Adam and Eve, but that Eve came first by some 80,000 years.

We hear how the male Y-chromosome has been used to trace the spread of humanity from Africa into Eurasia, why differing racial types emerged when mountain ranges split population groups, and that the San Bushmen of the Kalahari have some of the oldest genetic markers in the world.

We learn, finally with absolute certainty, that Neanderthals are not our ancestors and that the entire genetic diversity of Native Americans can be accounted for by just ten individuals.

It is an enthralling, epic tour through the history and development of early humankind--as well as an accessible look at the analysis of human genetics that is giving us definitive answers to questions we have asked for centuries, questions now more compelling than ever.

Resources

According to the multi-regional model, an archaic form of humans left Africa between one and two million years ago, and modern humans evolved from them independently and simultaneously in pockets of Africa, Europe, and Asia.

Wells' work and that of others confirms the more widely accepted Out of Africa model, which says that all modern humans evolved in Africa and then left in several waves of migration, ultimately replacing any earlier species.

"Genetic evidence tells us that Homo sapiens are of recent origin and arose in Africa," said S. Blair Hedges, a molecular biologist at Pennsylvania State University.

"African populations have the most ancient alleles [gene pairs that code for specific traits] and the greatest genetic diversity, which means they're the oldest," Hedges explained. "Our species probably had arisen by 150,000 years ago, with a population of perhaps 10,000 individuals."

Chris Stringer, director of the Human Origins Program at the Natural History Museum in London, said: "The multi-regional model of Homo sapiens evolving globally over a long time scale is certainly dead."

Whether archaic humans and modern humans interbred is another point of debate. "Given the uncertainties, it isn't yet possible to establish whether we are entirely recent African in origin 'certainly my preference' or whether there was a little bit of hybridization/assimilation" between modern and archaic species," said Stringer.

Wells says there is no genetic evidence that supports the idea of intermixing, and several DNA studies actually argue strongly against it.

Today, there is general agreement that Homo erectus, the precursor to modern humans, evolved in Africa and gradually expanded to Eurasia beginning about 1.7 million years ago.

By around 100,000 years ago, several species of hominids populated the Earth, including H. sapiens in Africa, H. erectus in Southeast Asia and China, and Neandertals in Europe.

By around 30,000 years ago, the only surviving hominid species was H. sapiens.

But when did we leave Africa and where did we go? Here's where opinions diverge widely.

Wells says his evidence based on DNA in the Y-chromosome indicates that the exodus began between 60,000 and 50,000 years ago.

In his view, the early travelers followed the southern coastline of Asia, crossed about 250 kilometers [155 miles] of sea, and colonized Australia by around 50,000 years ago. The Aborigines of Australia, Wells says, are the descendants of the first wave of migration out of Africa.

Many archaeologists disagree, saying the fossil record shows that a first wave of migration occurred around 100,000 years ago.

"Archaeological evidence suggests that there were modern humans in at least two places in the Levant region of the Middle East 90,000 years ago," said Alison Brooks, a paleoanthropologist at George Washington University in Washington, D.C. "They disappear from the Levant about 10,000 years later, but could have survived further south in Asia? We just have no evidence."

"There's evidence of Homo sapiens in Australia 60,000 years ago, and they'd have to go through India and Southeast Asia to get there."

Wells agrees that there may have been early human forays into the Middle East, but argues that the Levant of 100,000 to 150,000 years ago was essentially an extension of northeastern Africa and was probably part of the original range of early Homo sapiens. These early settlers were replaced by Neandertals in the region about 80,000 years ago.

"There's a roughly 30,000-year gap in the archaeological record of Homo sapiens outside of Africa," said Wells. "The real expansion occurred in the Upper Paleolithic (around 40,000 years ago) into the uncharted territory of Asia proper."

Brooks agrees there's a gap, but puts it closer to 20,000 years.

Richard Klein, an anthropologist at Stanford University, has one explanation for the gap and the subsequent waves of colonization beginning around 45,000 years ago.

Klein thinks Homo sapiens may have been anatomically modern 150,000 years ago, but did not become behaviorally modern until about 50,000 years ago, when a genetic mutation related to cognition made us smarter.

He theorizes that this change in thinking ability enabled modern humans to craft sophisticated tools, build permanent lodgings, hunt more effectively, and possibly develop language. It also led to greater travel.

Other possible triggers for the burst of migration 45,000 years ago include an increase in population, which spurred competition and innovation; a change in diet, with consumption of more meat and fish; the acquisition of language; and climate change.

Populating the Globe

Wells says a second wave of hominids left Africa around 45,000 years ago, reproduced rapidly, and settled in the Middle East; smaller groups went off to India and China.

Isolated by mountains and the sea for many generations, and exposed to a colder climate and less sunlight than in Africa, the Asian populations became paler over time.

Around 40,000 years ago, as the grip of the Ice Age loosened and temperatures briefly became warmer, humans moved into Central Asia. Amid the bountiful grassy steppes, they multiplied quickly.

"If Africa was the cradle of mankind, then Central Asia was its nursery," said Wells.

Around 35,000 years ago, small groups left Central Asia for Europe. Cold temperatures kept them there. Cut off from other groups, these migrants became paler and shorter than their African ancestors.

From there, around 20,000 years ago, another small group of Central Asians moved farther north, into Siberia and the Arctic Circle. To minimize physical exposure to the extreme cold they developed, over many generations, stout trunks, stubby fingers, and short arms and legs.

Finally, around 15,000 years ago, as another Ice Age began to wane, one small clan of Arctic dwellers followed the reindeer herd over the Bering Strait land bridge into North America.

According to the genetic data, says Wells, this initial group may have included as few as two or three men, perhaps 10 to 20 people in all. Also isolated, they too acquired distinct physical characteristics.

Many archaeologists, however, believe that Australia, the Middle East, India, and China were inhabited much earlier.

"The dates don't compare well to the order or the geography of the migration patterns revealed by the fossil record," said Brooks. "Y-chromosome data give consistently younger dates than other types of genetic data, such as mitochondrial DNA."

Hedges said that "the dates of expansion and colonization discussed by Wells may be correct, but they almost appear to be too recent. Most geneticists are getting data that agree with most archaeological and fossil data." He noted, however, that all of the different methods used for dating can generate errors.

"If you step back a bit and look at the bigger picture, there is a lot more agreement in this field today than there was a decade ago," Hedges said.

"There's almost certainly not an Adam or Eve," said Tishkoff. "Each of our genes have their own history, which could be passed on from different ancestors. It's more likely that a lineage can be traced back to a population of 50, 100, or even several thousand people." Others agree.

"The fact that one man apparently gave rise to the Y-chromosome genes of all moderns does not mean he was our only male ancestor," said Stringer. "What it means is that his male progeny were more prolific breeders or luckier, and their Y genes survived while those of his contemporaries didn't. But those contemporaries could have passed on many other genes to present-day peoples."

That's "absolutely correct," said Wells, adding: "The real significance of the date of our common Y-chromosome ancestor, is that it effectively gives us an upper limit on when our species began to leave Africa."

One point of wide agreement among those who study human origins is that more and more insight will come from closer collaboration between disciplines.

"Greater discussion and collaboration between geneticists and paleoanthropologists would be good for both," said Stringer.

"It's worth bearing in mind," he said, "that studies of recent DNA are studies of the genes of the survivors. Such studies can't tell us anything about non-survivors, such as the Neandertals and Solo Man in Java. We still require fossils, archaeology, and, where possible, ancient DNA for the whole picture of human evolution."

Wells's work described in Journey of Man draws on genetics, palaeoanthropology, palaeoclimatology, archaeology, psychology, and linguistics.

"I really see the field as a collaborative, synthetic effort to make sense of our past," he said. "The notion that any single area of investigation, operating in isolation, could have all the answers is ludicrous."

National Geographic Human Origins Resources

HEALTH BOOST
Now Playing: Seven Day Plan to Eating and Living Healthier
Rid your diet of allergens and additives, rethink your approach to food, and gain energy—all in the course of a week. What better way to start spring?

Body and Soul

Body and Soul says that within the first week, you will develope paranormal energy reserves, the likes of which you hadn't seen since kindergarten when you live healthier.

"I would spring out of bed at the crack of dawn with more vigor and exhilaration than I knew what to do with. More than anything, I felt unprecedentedly, indescribably healthy."

This change in healthy living is brought about by "eliminating foods that commonly increase toxins and inflammation, while encouraging your body to metabolize and release stored toxins."

Health experts tell us that "the root cause of many diseases is inflammation. So detox plans that follow the basic tenets of an anti-inflammatory diet (limit intake of foods high in omega-6 fatty acids and refined carbs, increase intake of omega-3s, whole grains, and antioxidant-rich produce)" will make you much more healthier.

1)- The first step is to eliminate wheat, dairy, and overly fatty foods and track how you feel each day.

Health Plan don'ts (and dos)
What's the core idea behind the Body+Soul detox plan? Making a shift away from allergenic, inflammatory, or just plain unhealthy foods. We've targeted those that contain artificial additives, hormones, saturated fats, or allergy-promoting substances?and put organic, nonallergenic, whole foods in their place. Use this chart to stay on track.

Avoid Meat (beef, pork, and lamb) and all types of poultry
Why? Can contain added hormones and antibiotics
Choose Ocean game fish such as halibut and salmon, which contain high levels of healthy omega-3 fatty acids

Avoid Potentially allergenic protein sources (dairy products, eggs, soy products)
Why? Aside from causing allergies in some people, dairy and eggs often contain antibiotics; dairy can cause mild-to-severe digestive distress
Choose Raw, unsalted nuts and nut butters (almonds, Brazil nuts, cashews, and walnuts); raw, unsalted seeds (flax, pumpkin, sesame, and sunflower); beans and peas (adzuki, chickpea, kidney, lentil, navy, and pinto); and sprouts (lentil, mung, and pea)

Avoid Partially hydrogenated oils and saturated fats
Why? Pose health risks
Choose Healthy oils (such as cold- and expeller pressed organic olive and sesame oils)

Avoid Carbonated water in the form of seltzer or in soda
Why? Can cause bloating, unnecessarily stressing the body during cleansing
Choose Fresh, filtered water, which helps the body flush out toxins

Avoid Common allergenic grains (corn, wheat, and white flour) and derived products (breads, cereals, and crackers)
Why? Overprocessed; potential allergenic reactions include headache, diarrhea, and irritable bowel syndrome
Choose Unrefined, fiber-rich, nonallergenic grains (amaranth, buckwheat, oats, quinoa, brown and wild rice) in whole form rather than in breads and pastas

Avoid Citrus fruits (grapefruit, lemon, orange, tangerine, and lime)
Why? Can be allergenic
Choose All other fruits in natural, whole, organic form (rather than juiced or dried)

Avoid Nightshade vegetables (eggplants, peppers, white/yellow potatoes, tomatoes)
Why? Potentially allergenic for some people
Choose Antioxidant-rich leafy greens (bok choy, collard greens, dandelion, kale, mustard greens, romaine, and spinach) and other colorful vegetables (carrot, pumpkin, yam, and yellow squash)

Avoid Condiments (bouillon, ketchup, mayonnaise, mustard, soy sauce, and tamari)
Why? Highly processed; many contain refined sugars and additives
Choose Flavorful herbs that enhance digestion, such as basil, bay leaf, cinnamon, cumin, fennel, garlic, ginger, marjoram, oregano, rosemary, and sage

Avoid All sources of refined and artificial sugar and corn syrup (found in sodas, alcohol, desserts, and sugar-free gum and diet drinks)
Why? Both refined and artificial sugars pose health risks when used in excess
Choose Unrefined sugars (honey, maple syrup, and rice syrup) in modest quantities


Seven-Day Detox Plan
DAY 1: Clean Up
Before you embark on this seven-day plan, read our general guidelines ("Detox Basics," above) to identify any contraindications that may apply. You'll also learn how best to approach the plan so that you maximize its benefits. On Day 1, you'll begin swapping nutritionally problematic foods for healthier ones. See "Detox Don'ts (and Dos)," above, for an overview. Don't be surprised if you feel moody or headachy as a result, especially if you normally drink caffeine. This response will likely lessen in the coming days.
+ Start drinking 8 glasses of filtered water and walking for at least 20 minutes daily.
+ Eliminate caffeine.
+ Eliminate alcoholic drinks.
+ Eliminate soda and all other carbonated beverages.
+ Get protein from wild salmon, halibut, nuts (raw, unsalted), beans, and peas-as well as sprouts like lentil and mung.
+ Eliminate meat and poultry.
+ Replace refined sugars and artificial sweeteners with sparing doses of honey, maple syrup, and brown rice syrup.
+ Eliminate all processed foods made with white flour.
+ Start a food journal. Track mealtimes, the foods you consume, and how you feel.

DAY 2: Boost Nutrients
Now that you've eliminated the main nutritional offenders, it's time to fine-tune your diet. Today you'll choose those vegetables that lend extra nutrient support as you detox. You may be experiencing general malaise. Drink more water and add small servings of nuts to keep your energy up.
+ Go 100 percent organic.
+ Vary your vegetables. Eat plenty of colorful veggies, including dark leafy greens.
+ Eliminate nightshade vegetables: eggplants, tomatoes, potatoes, and peppers.
+ Enjoy fruit, but avoid all types of citrus and dried fruit.
+ Eat fresh foods; eliminate canned and packaged foods.
+ Avoid condiments. Season your meals with flavorful herbs and spices instead.

Day 3: Ditch Dairy
Today's task can prove surprisingly difficult (unless you're a vegan). But because dairy products-and soy-can cause allergies, eliminating them will give your body a break.
+ Remove all dairy.
+ Eliminate eggs.
+ Eliminate soy. Replace soy milk with almond or rice milk.
+ Practice healthy snacking, which will benefit you nutritionally and emotionally, as you make your way through the plan. Try apple slices with a dollop of almond nut butter; cabbage leaves filled with raw vegetables; or carrot sticks and frozen grapes.
+ Add seeds (such as sunflower or pumpkin) to your diet. As with nuts, opt for raw and unsalted.

Day 4: Good Grains
You're now ready to make the final dietary shift, eliminating potentially allergenic grains. With your nutritional changes complete, focus on visualizing the cleansing process that's under way. Doing this helps you "see yourself clean," says Deborah Musso at Sea Change, and mentally supports your body's efforts to cleanse.
+ Eliminate any potentially allergenic grain, including all wheat-derived products, such as bread and crackers. Try amaranth, brown rice, buckwheat, millet, quinoa, oats, and wild rice instead.
+ Cut out corn and its derivatives (such as tortilla chips and corn breads). Instead of corn oil, cook with olive oil and use sesame and flax oils for flavor.

Day 5: Slow Down
The next two days emphasize good self-care. When you detox, your energy levels may wane as your body uses energy to eliminate. You may also be feeling cranky or antsy, so take this day to focus inward.
+ Counter any symptoms of comfort-food withdrawal with creative snacks. Try "baklava oatmeal," made with rolled oats, honey, and pistachios-and other invented treats.
+ Practice non-food ways to satisfy yourself, such as yoga or tai chi, but avoid fast-paced aerobic activity.

Day 6: Pamper Yourself
Indulge yourself today. Enjoy your favorite home-spa treatments, or try one of these ideas.
+ Take a warm shower and apply your favorite salt or sugar scrub to your entire body in circular motions.
+ Get a massage.
+ Give yourself a steam facial. Cover your head with a towel and lean over a bowl of boiled, herb-infused water (try chamomile or eucalyptus).

Day 7: Take Stock
Now that you've reached the final day, how do you feel? Eager to make the transition back to your regular diet? Ready for more cleansing? Either way, note the mind/body boost you feel?and consider making detox part of your regular program for health.
+ If you're ready to resume your normal diet, start with the foods you suspect may negatively affect your system (such as dairy or refined carbs). Eat one group at a time for a few days to see how it affects you. Then permanently remove any problem foods from your diet.
+ If you'd like to continue beyond the seven days, learn more about health living.

Dancing With Neutrinos
Now Playing: NOVA - 21 Feb 2006


Nova Neutrino (Ghost Particle) Homepage

2001 Standard Model of the Universe ---> The Theory of Everything (11D)

1- Neutrinos have some mass and travel less than the speed of light. They also have no electrical charge.

2- Neutrinos have three flavors: electron, muons and taus.

3- Neutrinos oscillate from electron to muon to tau flavors etc..

4- Everything is descended from neutrinos

Neutrino Timeline

There is still a mystery about where are all the anti-particles that were supposedly formed with the "Big Bang?"

The Standard Model of particle physics must be modified.

The transcript of the television program is usually available one to three weeks after the original broadcast date.

Common Cold Cures

Herbs and Supplements for the common cold

Learn more about the common cold

Astragalus
Celery Seed
Echinacea
Eucalyptus
Garlic
German Chamomile
Goldenrod
Goldenseal
Licorice
Linden
Marshmallow
Peppermint
Siberian Ginseng
Vitamin C (Ascorbic Acid)
Wild yam
Yarrow
Zinc

Learn more about each herb.

University of Maryland Medical Center Complementary Medicine Program

Blessed is the Fruit
I knew you from the beginning...

You were always in my heart!

The image always existed, for eternity has no beginning nor end! Creation has a beginning; yet it has no center, nor does it have an end. Matter has animation, for there are countless subatomic particles flying all around and within everything at unbelievable speeds and forms.

Life is something entirely different, for it has a soul. The soul gives life to matter. Human life is something most unique in the universe for it has a spirit that can be one with God.

Individuals go through the process of formation from early created life forms that can be observed before birth. Layers of data can be gathered by CT scans, micro magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and other visualization techniques.1

We all begin undifferentiated then female, then either male of female depending upon a Y-chromosome, and complete growth and development. Then we spend time in creation attempting to become mature, and become closer to God.
1. Life thru Time


After an instant in time, we begin an endless existence in eternity!

Life in Eternity...

God's Love

X & Ys for DNA Markers and Genealogy
Now Playing: Know Your Xs from your Ys !
DNA 101

BLAIR DNA Project

DNA 101: Y-Chromosome Testing

DNA 101 is an attempt to take the extremely complex and confusing subject of Genetics and DNA and simplify it into layman terms. This page addresses DNA only as it applies to Y-Chromosome testing and genealogy. Technical terms are defined in this same context.

This page is broken down into the following sections:

DNA
Chromosomes
The Y-Chromosome
Test the Y-Chromosome
Reading the Test Results
What Does it Mean
Putting It All Together
Definitions
Links


Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) is the chemical inside the nucleus of all cells that carries the genetic instructions for making living organisms. A DNA molecule consists of two strands that wrap around each other to resemble a twisted ladder. The sides are made of sugar and phosphate molecules. The "rungs" are made of nitrogen-containing chemicals called bases. Each strand is composed of one sugar molecule, one phosphate molecule, and a base. Four different bases are present in DNA - adenine (A), thymine (T), cytosine (C), and guanine (G). The particular order of the bases arranged along the sugar - phosphate backbone is called the DNA sequence; the sequence specifies the exact genetic instructions required to create a particular organism with its own unique traits.

Each strand of the DNA molecule is held together at its base by a weak bond. The four bases pair in a set manner: Adenine (A) pairs with thymine (T), while cytosine (C) pairs with guanine (G). These pairs of bases are known as Base Pairs (bp).

These Base Pairs (bp) are the basis of Y-chromosome testing.


Chromosomes

Chromosomes are paired threadlike "packages" of long segments of DNA contained within the nucleus of each cell. In humans there are 23 pairs of chromosomes. In 22 pairs, both members are essentially identical, one deriving from the individual's mother, the other from the father. The 23rd pair is different. In females this pair has two like chromosomes called "X". In males it comprises one "X" and one "Y," two very dissimilar chromosomes. It is these chromosome differences which determine sex.

The Y-Chromosome

Human sex is determined by the X and Y chromosomes. A female has 2 X-Chromosomes and a male has an X and a Y-Chromosome. When a child is conceived it gets one chromosome from its mother and one chromosome from its father. The chromosome from the mother will always be an X, but the chromosome from the father may be either X or Y. If the child gets the X she will be a girl, if the child gets the Y he will be a boy.

This Y-Chromosome has certain unique features:

The presence of a Y-Chromosome causes maleness. This little chromosome, about 2% of a father's genetic contribution to his sons, programs the early embryo to develop as a male.

It is transmitted from fathers only to their sons.

Most of the Y-Chromosome is inherited as an integral unit passed without alteration from father to sons, and to their sons, and so on, unaffected by exchange or any other influence of the X-Chromosome that came from the mother. It is the only nuclear chromosome that escapes the continual reshuffling of parental genes during the process of sex cell production.


It is these unique features that make the Y-Chromosome useful to genealogists.

Testing the Y-Chromosome

The Y-Chromosome has definable segments of DNA with known genetic characteristics. These segments are known as Markers. These markers occur at an identifiable physical location on a chromosome known as a Locus. Each marker is designated by a number (known as DYS#), according to international conventions. You will often find the terms Marker and Locus used interchangeably, but technically the Marker is what is tested and the Locus is where the marker is located on the chromosome.

Although there are several types of markers used in DNA studies, the Y-Chromosome test uses only one type. The marker used is called a Short Tandem Repeat (STR). STRs are short sequences of DNA, (usually 2, 3, 4, or 5 base pairs long), that are repeated numerous times in a head-tail manner. The 16 base pair sequence of "gatagatagatagata" would represent 4 repeats of the sequence "gata". These repeats are referred to as Allele. The variation of the number of repeats of each marker enables discrimination between individuals.

Reading the Test Results

The table below is a shorten version of the actual table used to show our DNA test results. It shows 12 of the 25 markers that most of the participants had tested.

NEXT >>

Article Inspired by PBS Shows on Genealogy

Olive Oil Has Life Giving Benefits
Health Benefits of Adding Olive Oil to Your Diet

Learn the significant health benefits of incorporating olive oil into your diet!




Olive oil has been described as the "Mediterranean Miracle". This impressive title is based on the finding of numerous studies that have confirmed that a diet containing olive oil offers many health benefits. Olive oil, for instance, plays an important role in the prevention of several life-threatening diseases. People who live around the Mediterranean Sea, where olive oil is major constituent of their daily diet, have much lower death rates from heart disease and certain cancers. Interestingly, this is particularly true of the native Greeks from the island of Crete. Cretans are reputed to drink olive oil (on its own!), as well as incorporate it into their daily diet.

It is significant that those who eat a Mediterranean diet, actually eat as much fat as people from other countries. The important difference is that the former get their "fat" calories primarily from olive oil, which is largely composed of monounsaturated fat. The major advantage of monounsaturated fat is that it can lower blood cholesterol, without reducing the health giving properties of HDL, good-type cholesterol.

So, what are the main benefits of adding olive oil to your diet?

Olive oil reduces cholesterol:

A study conducted in the Netherlands concluded that a high-fat olive oil diet was far superior to an ordinary low fat diet in controlling levels of cholesterol. A group of forty- eight healthy adults was divided into two. Under strictly controlled conditions, half the group ate a diet high in fibre and low in fat (i.e. only 22% of calories from fat). The other half of the group ate a high fat diet where 41% of the calories came from fat and most of that fat came from olive oil. The cholesterol of the olive oil group was reduced by twenty points, whereas the control group saw only a reduction of an average seventeen points. In addition, the good-type HDL cholesterol, which helps prevent heart disease, was reduced to worrying levels in the low fat group, but was not affected in the olive oil diet group.

Olive oil lowers blood pressure:

Widespread studies have shown that consumption of olive oil can lower both systolic and diastolic blood pressure. Tests have concluded that, as little as three fluid ounces a day can significantly lower blood pressure. Olive oil can even lower the blood pressure of those people eating a high fat diet (high fat being defined as forty percent of calories coming from fat).

Olive oil regulates the body's blood sugar levels:

Studies have concluded that olive oil can markedly lower blood glucose levels. Tests have proved that even diabetes suffers who switch from a high carbohydrate and low fat diet to a high fat (fifty percent of calories from fat), with most of that fat coming from olive oil, can lower their blood sugar levels to such a degree that they require less insulin.

Olive oil is a powerful antioxidant:

Olive oil has antioxidant characteristics that help inhibit the process that produces LDL (the bad-type cholesterol). This may go some way towards explaining why olive oil is so good at preventing heart attacks. Olive oil's antioxidant capabilities can also play a part in inhibiting the development of cancer and many other diseases. It can even help slow down the ageing process.

The benefits of incorporating olive oil into one's daily diet cannot be over-stated. It is wise to use olive oil as a substitute for animal fats, such as butter and lard, wherever possible.

Dr. Duke's
Phytochemical and Ethnobotanical Databases

Chemicals in: Olea europaea subsp. europaea (Oleaceae) -- Olive

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Chemicals

(+)-CYCLO-OLIVIL Branches: DUKE1992A

1-CAFFEYL-GLUCOSE Fruit: DUKE1992A

3,4-DIHYDROXYPHENYLETHANOL-4-DIGLUCOSIDE Fruit: DUKE1992A

3,4-DIHYDROXYPHENYLETHANOL-4-MONOGLUCOSIDE Fruit: DUKE1992A

3,4-DIHYDROXYPHENYLETHYLALCOHOL Fruit: DUKE1992A

ALPHA-TOCOPHEROL Oil 119 ppm; DUKE1992A

APIGENIN Leaf: DUKE1992A

APIGENIN-7-DI-O-XYLOSIDE Leaf: DUKE1992A

APIGENIN-7-GLUCOSIDE Leaf: DUKE1992A

ARABINOSE Fruit: DUKE1992A

ARACHIDIC-ACID Fruit 300 - 800 ppm DUKE1992A

ASH Fruit 64,000 - 294,000 ppm DUKE1992A Leaf 61,000 ppm; DUKE1992A Twig 85,000 ppm; DUKE1992A

BETA-AMYRIN Leaf: DUKE1992A

BETA-CAROTENE Fruit 1.8 - 8.3 ppm DUKE1992A

BETA-SITOSTEROL-GLUCOSIDE Leaf: DUKE1992A

BORON Fruit 1 - 4 ppm DUKE1992A

CAFFEIC-ACID Fruit: DUKE1992A

CALCIUM Fruit 610 - 2,798 ppm DUKE1992A Leaf 11,800 ppm; DUKE1992A

CARBOHYDRATES Fruit 13,000 - 60,000 ppm DUKE1992A Leaf 735,000 ppm; DUKE1992A Twig 765,000 ppm; DUKE1992A

CATECHIN Fruit: DUKE1992A

CATECHOL-MELANIN Fruit: DUKE1992A

CHOLINE Leaf: DUKE1992A

CHRYSOERIOL-7-O-GLUCOSIDE Leaf: DUKE1992A

CINCHONIDINE Leaf: DUKE1992A

CINCHONINE Leaf: DUKE1992A

CRATAEGOLIC-ACID Fruit: DUKE1992A

CYANIDIN-3-GLUCOSIDE Fruit: DUKE1992A

CYANIDIN-3-MONOGLUCOSIDE Pericarp: DUKE1992A

CYANIDIN-3-RHAMNOSYLGLUCOSYLGLUCOSIDE Fruit: DUKE1992A

CYANIDIN-3-RUTINOSIDE Fruit: DUKE1992A

D-1-ACETOXPINORESINOL-4"-O-METHYL-ETHER Stem: DUKE1992A

D-1-ACETOXPINORESINOL-4'-BETA-D-GLUCOSIDE Stem: DUKE1992A

D-1-HYDROXYPINORESINOL Stem: DUKE1992A

D-1-HYDROXYPINORESINOL-4"-O-METHYL-ETHER Stem: DUKE1992A

D-ACETOXPINORESINOL Stem: DUKE1992A

DEMETHYLOLEOEUROPEIN Leaf: DUKE1992A

DIHYDROCINCHONINE Leaf: DUKE1992A

DIHYDROXYPHENYLPROPANE Leaf: DUKE1992A

ELENOLIDE Fruit: DUKE1992A

ERYTHRODIOL Pericarp: DUKE1992A

ESCULETIN Stem: DUKE1992A

ESCULIN Stem: DUKE1992A

ESTRONE Seed: DUKE1992A

FAT Fruit 127,000 - 583,000 ppm DUKE1992A Leaf 73,000 ppm; DUKE1992A Seed 300,000 ppm; DUKE1992A Twig 61,000 ppm; DUKE1992A

FIBER Fruit 13,000 - 60,000 ppm DUKE1992A Leaf 177,000 ppm; DUKE1992A Twig 289,000 ppm; DUKE1992A

FRUCTOSE Fruit: DUKE1992A

GALACTOSE Fruit: DUKE1992A

GALACTURONIC-ACID Fruit: DUKE1992A

GAMMA-TOCOPHEROL Oil 13 ppm; DUKE1992A

GLUCOSE Fruit: DUKE1992A

IRON Fruit 16 - 73 ppm DUKE1992A

KAEMPFEROL Stem: DUKE1992A

KILOCALORIES Fruit 1,160 - 5,320 /kg DUKE1992A

L-OLIVIL Resin, Exudate, Sap: DUKE1992A

LIGUSTROLIDE Fruit: DUKE1992A

LINOLEIC-ACID Fruit 10,500 - 28,000 ppm DUKE1992A

LUTEOLIN Leaf: DUKE1992A

LUTEOLIN-4'-O-GLUCOSIDE Leaf: DUKE1992A

LUTEOLIN-5-O-GLUCOSIDE Fruit: DUKE1992A

LUTEOLIN-7-O-GLUCOSIDE Leaf: DUKE1992A

LUTEOLINTETRAGLUCOSIDE Leaf: DUKE1992A

MANNITOL Leaf: DUKE1992A

MASLINIC-ACID Petiole: DUKE1992A

METHYL-DELTA-MASLINATE Leaf: DUKE1992A

MYRISTIC-ACID Fruit 300 - 800 ppm DUKE1992A

OLEANOLIC-ACID Petiole: DUKE1992A

OLEIC-ACID Fruit 122,400 - 326,400 ppm DUKE1992A

OLEOSIDE Leaf: DUKE1992A

OLEOSIDE-7-METHYL-ESTER Bark: DUKE1992A

OLEUROPEIC-ACID Root Bark: DUKE1992A

OLEUROPEIN Plant: DUKE1992A

OLIVIN Leaf: DUKE1992A

OLIVIN-4'-DIGLUCOSIDE Leaf: DUKE1992A

P-COUMARIC-ACID Fruit: DUKE1992A

PAEONIDIN-3-GLUCOSIDE Fruit: DUKE1992A

PAEONIDIN-3-RHAMNOSYLGLUCOSYLGLUCOSIDE Fruit: DUKE1992A

PALMITIC-ACID Fruit 14,250 - 38,000 ppm DUKE1992A

PECTIN Fruit: DUKE1992A

PHOSPHORUS Fruit 170 - 780 ppm DUKE1992A Leaf 900 ppm; DUKE1992A

POTASSIUM Fruit 550 - 2,523 ppm DUKE1992A

PROTEIN Fruit 14,000 - 64,000 ppm DUKE1992A Leaf 131,000 ppm; DUKE1992A Twig 89,000 ppm; DUKE1992A

PROTOCATECHUIC-ACID Fruit: DUKE1992A

QUERCETIN Stem: DUKE1992A

QUERCETIN-3-0-RUTINOSIDE Pericarp: DUKE1992A

QUERCETIN-3-O-RHAMNOSIDE Pericarp: DUKE1992A

QUINONE Fruit: DUKE1992A

RHAMNOSE Fruit: DUKE1992A

RUTIN Pericarp: DUKE1992A

SODIUM Fruit 24,000 - 110,092 ppm DUKE1992A

SQUALENE Fruit: DUKE1992A

STEARIC-ACID Fruit 2,100 - 5,600 ppm DUKE1992A

TANNINS Leaf: DUKE1992A

UVAOL Pericarp: DUKE1992A

VERBASCOSIDE Fruit: DUKE1992A

WATER Fruit 782,000 ppm; DUKE1992A

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ppm = parts per million
tr = trace

The Liver Flush with Olive Oil

The liver flush is a very beneficial procedure. It is usually recommended to precede the Liver Flush with 2-3 days of drinking apple juice (fresh fruits and vegetables are ok in addition to the apple juice). The malic acid found in the apple juice dissolves and softens gallstones, which makes for a successful Liver Flush. Fresh apple juice made from organic apples is best.

The material you are about to read is quoted from Dr. Hulda's book, "The Cure for All Diseases".

Excerpt from the book:

Cleansing the liver of gallstones dramatically improves digestion, which is the basis of your whole health. You can expect your allergies to disappear, too, more with each cleanse you do. Incredibly, it also eliminates shoulder, upper arm, and upper back pain. You have more energy and increased sense of well being.

It is the job of the liver to make bile, 1 to 1.5 quarts in a day! The liver is full of tubes (biliary tubing) that deliver the bile to one large tube (the common bile duct). The gallbladder is attached to the common bile duct and acts as a storage reservoir. Eating fat or protein triggers the gallbladder to squeeze itself empty after about 20 minutes, and the stored bile finishes its trip down the common bile duct to the intestine.

For many persons, including children, the biliary tubing is choked with gallstones. Some develop allergies or hives but some have no symptoms. When the gallbladder is scanned or X-rayed nothing is seen. Typically, they are not in the gallbladder. Not only that, most are too small and not calcified, a prerequisite for visibility on an X-ray. There are over half a dozen varieties of gallstones, most of which have cholesterol crystals in them. They can be black, red, white, green or tan colored. The green ones get their color from being coated with bile. Notice in the picture (pg. 545) how many have imbedded unidentified objects. Are they fluke remains? Notice how man are shaped like corks with longitudinal grooves below the tops. We can visualize the blocked bile ducts from such shapes. Other stones are composites- made of many smaller ones- showing that they regrouped in the bile ducts some time after the last cleanse.

At the very center of each stone is found a clump of bacteria, according to scientists, suggesting a dead bit of parasite might have started the stone forming.

As the stones grow and become more numerous the back pressure on the liver causes it to make less bile. Imagine the situation if your garden hose had marbles in it. Much less water would flow, which in turn would decrease the ability of the hose to squirt out the marbles. With gallstones, much less cholesterol leaves the body, and cholesterol levels rise.

Gallstones, being porous, can pick up all the bacteria, cysts, viruses and parasites that are passing through the liver. In this way "nests" of infection are formed, forever supplying the body with fresh bacteria. No stomach infection such as ulcers or intestinal bloating can be cured permanently without removing these gallstones from the liver.

Cleanse you liver twice a year
Preparation

You can't clean a liver with living parasites in it. You won't get out many stones. Zap daily the week before, or get through the first three weeks of the parasite killing program before attempting a liver cleanse. If you are on a parasite maintenance program, do a high dose program the week before.

Completing the kidney cleanse before cleansing the liver is also recommended. You want your kidneys, bladder and urinary tract in top working condition so they can efficiently remove any undesirable substances incidentally absorbed from the intestine as the bile is being excreted.

Do any dental work first, if possible. Your mouth should be metal free and bacteria free (cavitations are cleaned). A toxic mouth can put a heavy load on the liver, burdening it immediately after cleansing. Eliminate that problem first for best results.

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Liver cleanse and gallbladder cleanse flush NO surgery

Ingredients

1/2 Cup Olive Oil Extra Virgin (= 1.25 dl)
1 Big grapefruit (2 small) (Or 3 lemons)
4 tablespoon EPSOM salts = ( MgSO4 + 7H2O)
(EPSOM salts = Magnesium Sulphate = EPSOMITE = Magnesium Sulfate Heptahydrate)
3 cups water (=750 dl)
1/2 Cup Classic Coke (Optional - for taste only. See webmaster's note below)
(P.S .!! 1 cup = 250 ml = 2.5 dl = 0.25 l )

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[Note inserted:

You can substitute the 3 cups of water (=750 dl) (used in this recipe to dissolve the Epsom salt) with 3 cups freshly pressed grapefruit juice, or freshly pressed apple juice. That way you will not feel the unpleasant taste of the Epsom salt.

I also recommend using grapefruit juice over lemon juice. The lemon juice sometimes doesn't mix with the oil as well as grapefruit juice.]

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Choose a day like Saturday for the cleanse, since you will be able to rest the next day.

Take no medicines, vitamins or pills that you can do without; they could prevent success. Stop the parasite program and kidney herbs too, the day before.

Eat a no-fat breakfast and lunch such as cooked cereal with fruit, fruit juice (no butter or milk), baked potato or other vegetables with salt only. This allows the bile to build up and develop pressure in the liver. Higher pressure pushes out more stones.

2:00 PM.

Do not eat or drink after 2 o'clock. If you break this rule you could feel quite ill later.

Get your Epsom salts ready. Mix 4 tbs. in 3 cups water and pour this into a jar.

[ You can substitute the 3 cups of water with 3 cups freshly pressed grapefruit juice, or freshly pressed apple juice .]

This makes four servings, 3/4 cup each. Set the jar in the refrigerator to get ice cold (this is for convenience and taste only).

6:00 PM.

Drink one serving (3/4 cup) of the ice cold Epsom salts. If you did not prepare this ahead of time, do it right now. You may also add 1/8 tsp. vitamin C powdered to improve the taste. You may also drink a few mouthfuls of water afterwards or rinse your mouth. Get the olive oil and grapefruit out to warm up.

8:00 PM.

Repeat by drinking another 3/4 cup of Epsom salts. You haven't eaten since two o'clock, but you won't feel hungry. Get your bedtime chores done. The timing is critical for success; don't be more than 10 minutes early or late.

9:45 PM.

Pour 1/2 cup (measured) olive oil into the pint jar. Squeeze the grapefruit by hand into the measuring cup. Remove pulp with fork. You should have at least 1/2 cup, more (up to 3/4 cup) is best. You may top it up with lemonade. Add this to the olive oil. Close the jar tightly with the lid and shake hard until watery (only fresh grapefruit does this).

Now visit the bathroom one or more times, even it makes you late for your ten o'clock drink. Don't be more than 15 minutes late.

10:00 PM.

Drink the potion you have mixed. Take 4 ornithine capsules with the first sips to make sure you will sleep through the night. Take 8 if you already suffer from insomnia. Take it to your bedside if you want, but drink it standing up. Get it down within 5 minutes (fifteen minutes for very elderly or weak persons).

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Notes:

Although I generally recommend against drinking soda, I make an exception when doing the liver flush. Adding an amount of Classic Coke equal to the amount of olive oil to the recipe makes swallowing the mixture much easier.

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Lie down immediately. You might fail to get stones out if you don't. The sooner you lie down the more stones you will get out. Be ready for bed ahead of time. Don't clean up the kitchen. As soon as the drink is down walk to your bed and lie down flat on your back with your head up high on the pillow. Try to think about what is happening in the liver. Try to keep perfectly still for at least 20 minutes. You may feel a train of stones traveling along the bile ducts like marbles. There is no pain because the bile duct valves are open (thank you Epsom salts!). Go to sleep. You may fail to get stones out if you don't.

Next morning. Upon awakening take your third dose of Epsom salts. If you have indigestion or nausea wait unit it is gone before drinking the Epsom salts. You may go back to bed. Don't take this potion before 6:00 AM.

2 hours later.

Take your fourth (the last) dose of Epsom salts. Drink 3/4 cups of the mixture. You may go back to bed.

After 2 more hours you may eat. Start with fresh fruit juice. Half an hour later eat fruit. One hour later you may eat regular food but keep it light. By supper you should feel recovered.

How well did you do?

Expect diarrhea in the morning. Use a flashlight to look for gallstones in the toilet with the bowel movement. Look for the green kind since this is proof that they are genuine gallstones, not food residue. Only bile from the liver is pea green. The bowel movement sinks but gallstones float because of the cholesterol inside. Count them all roughly, whether tan or green. You will need to total 2,000 stones before the liver is clean enough to rid you of allergies or bursitis or upper back pains permanently. The first cleanse may rid you of them for a few days, but as the stones from the rear travel forward, they give you the same symptoms again. You may repeat cleanses at two week intervals. Never cleanse when you are ill.

Sometimes, the bile ducts are full of cholesterol crystals that did not form into round stones. They appear as a "chaff" floating on top of the toilet bowl water. It may be tan colored, harboring millions of tiny white crystals. cleansing this chaff is just as important as purging the stones.

How safe is the liver cleanse? It is very safe. My opinion is based on over 500 cases, including many persons in their seventies and eighties. None went to the hospital; none even reported pain. However it can make you feel quite ill for one or two days afterwards, although in every one of these cases the maintenance parasite program had been neglected. This is why the instructions direct you to complete the parasite and kidney rinse program first.


This procedure contradicts many modern medical viewpoints. Gallstones are thought to be formed in the gallbladder, not the liver. They are though to be few, not thousands. They are not linked to pains other than gallbladder attacks. It is easy to understand why this thought: by the time you have acute pain attacks, some stones are in the gallbladder, are big enough and sufficiently calcified to see on X-ray, and have caused inflammation there. When the gallbladder is removed the acute attacks are gone, but the bursitis and other pains and digestive problems remain.


The truth is self-evident. People who have had their gallbladder removed surgically still get plenty of green, bile coated stones, and anyone who cares to dissect their stones can see that the concentric circles and crystals of cholesterol match textbook pictures of "gallstones" exactly."

See Dr. Hulda's free e-book, "The Cure for All Diseases".

10 Top Reasons to Go Organic


1. Organic produce is not covered in a cocktail of poisonous chemicals. The average conventionally-grown apple has 20-30 artificial poisons on its skin, even after rinsing. Trust your instincts, and go organic!

2. Fresh organic produce contains on average 50% more vitamins, minerals, enzymes and other micro-nutrients than intensively farmed produce. Science says that it's good for you.

3. Going organic is the only practical way to avoid eating genetically modified (GM) food. And by buying organic food, you are registering your mistrust of GMO's and doing your bit to protest against them.

4. If you eat dairy or meat products, going organic has never been more essential to safeguard you and your family's health. Intensively-reared dairy cows and farm animals are fed a dangerous cocktail of anti-biotics, growth promoting drugs, anti-parasite drugs and many other medicines on a daily basis, whether they have an illness or not. These drugs are passed directly onto the consumers of their dairy produce or meat., which must be a contributing factor to meat-related diseases like coronaries and high blood pressure.

5. About 99% of non-organic farm animals in the UK are now fed GM soya. And there has never been a reported case of BSE in organic cattle in the UK. Common sense says that organic is safe food.

6. Organic produce simply tastes so much better. Fruit and vegetables full of juice and flavour, and so many different varieties to try! There are about 100 different kinds of organic potatoes in production in the UK, and that's just potatoes!

7. Organic farms support and nurture our beautiful and diverse wildlife. Over the last thirty years, intensive farming in the UK has led to dramatic erosion of the soil, a fall of up to 70% of wild birds in some areas, the destruction of ancient hedgerows, and the near extinction of some of the most beautiful species of butterflies, frogs, grass-snakes and wild mammals.

8. Organic food is not really more expensive than intensively farmed foods, as we pay for conventional foods through our taxes. We spend billion of pounds every year cleaning up the mess that agro-chemicals make to our natural water supply. And the BSE crisis cost us 4 billion pounds. Go organic for a genuine more cost-effective future.

9. Intensive farming can seriously damage farm workers' health. There are much higher instances of cancer, respiratory problems and other major diseases in farm workers from non-organic farms. This is particularly true in developing countries, and for agrochemical farms growing cotton. So go organic if you care about other people.

10. And if you simply like the idea of your children and grandchildren being able to visit the countryside and play in the forests and fields just like we did when we were young, go organic for the sake of all of our futures.

Comparison of Organic vs Non-Organic Produce
Component Mean % increase in organic produce vs non-organic produce by Patrick Holford, Institute of Optimum Nutrition

* Dry matter +26%
* Potassium +13%
* Calcium +56%
* Magnesium +49%
* Iron +290%
* Copper +34%
* Manganese +28%
* Protein +12%
* Essential amino acids +35%
* Nitrates +69%
* Phosphorous +6%

Organic Food Co.

Hunza Health Secrets


Hunza a part of Western Pakistan is only 100 miles long and in areas scarcely a mile wide. "The stories told by the few doctors and scientists who were privileged to visit Hunza in the last '100' years have pictured a Garden of Eden, a paradise on earth. The people of Hunza and their secrets of youth and health have become a living legend to the rest of the world."1.

Hunza People

The Hunza way of life is virtually stress free. When they walk they meditate on peace and harmony. They know how to control waves of sadness, depression, anger, unrest and other disturbances. They know how to deep breath from their abdomen, and how to attune themselves to the "rhythm of the universe." Hunza chants produce a vibrant effect upon the whole body. They are all positive thinkers, and know "how to avoid worry. They have found true prosperity in the riches of love, peace of mind, health, and spiritual understanding."

Their diet includes all organic fruits, vegetables, herbs, grains, eggs, yogurt, meat, and mineral rich tea. Just climbing the hills makes you strong, the thin air is pure of pollution, and the glacier waters are filled with unique health benefits.

THE SECRETS OF HUNZA WATER
There are five places on Earth where the people routinely live to over 120 years of age in good health with virtually no cancer or dental caries (decay of a bone or tooth), where they remain robust and strong and are also able to bear children even in old age, and the most famous of these, Hunza in the Himalayas, has people who live to 120-140 years old.

There are also villages in France where the people are extremely healthy and other villages where the people are run-down. Much research has proven conclusively that the major common denominator of the healthy long-living people is their local water.

Dr. Henri Coanda, the Romanian father of fluid dynamics and a Nobel Prize winner at 78 yrs old, spent six decades studying the Hunza water trying to determine what it was in this water that caused such beneficial effects for the body. He discovered that there were indeed anomalous properties to the Hunza water. It had a different freezing and boiling point than ordinary water, a different viscosity and a different surface tension. When he became too old to continue his research he entrusted it to the then young Dr. Patrick Flanagan.

Dr. Flanagan worked for a further 30 years on the Hunza water sample trying to isolate and synthesize its properties. The reason that he had to work on the original 40 year old Hunza sample was that Hunza is no longer the pristine wilderness that it used to be, as now there are highways going there and man has brought in insecticides and other killers and the local water is not as pure as it was.

Dr. Flanagan was eventually able to create the same anomalies in water but it wasn't stable. As soon as the water was shaken or stirred, it lost the properties - unlike the original HUnza water sample which still retained its qualities even when shaken.

In researching the stability problem, Dr. Flanagan finally discovered tiny minerals shaped like smooth spheres that were only 5 nanometers in diameter and were 2,000 times smaller than a red blood cell and that had a very high electrical potential, called zeta potential.

These minerals - called nano-colloids - disperse throughout the Hunza water with this electrical potential and in interacting at the electrical level with the hydrogen and oxygen molecules that comprise water, they create tiny crystalline structures.

What's significant about these crystalline structures is that the fluid that surrounds our cells and the protein in our cells has a very similar highly crystalline structure and when we drink ordinary water, our bodies have to try and convert it into "living water" that has this crystalline structure. Hunza water already has this and is biological in nature and already has the characteristics that the body needs.

THE VITAL DIFFERENCE IS THE SURFACE TENSION

What are these characteristics? One of them is that the surface tension of Hunza water is much lower than ordinary water. Ordinary water has a surface tension of 73 dynes per centimeter - a dyne is a very small unit of force, the amount needed to break the surface skin of the water. Lower surface tension results in "wetter water". The reason you can't make mashed potatoes with room temperature water is that they need water with the lower surface tension that results when you heat the water. The body's cells require a surface tension of 45 in order to be permeated and hydrated.

Alexis Correl, who kept a chicken heart alive for 37 years and received a Nobel Prize, stated that the secret of life is to feed and nourish the cells and let them flush their waste and toxins. If those nutrients can't get into the cells because the water has too high a surface tension, the cells dehydrate and die of their own waste products.

The cells must be in intimate contact with the water in order to get their nutrients but the cell's surface membrane is basically a waxy, oily substance (lipids) and oil and water don't mix so the nutrients just suspend and can't get into the cells as the surface tension is too high.

People who drink the magic "8 glasses a day" of ordinary water are pretty much wasting their time as the nutrients can't get in and the toxins can't get out and the cells die anyway.

Dr. Flanagan with his wife Gael, was able to re-create these tiny minerals in a liquid product that he called Crystal Energy. He started taking it and people started asking him why he looked younger and he told them about the it and started giving bottles away. Eventually he was giving away 10,000 bottles a month and finally decided to sell it.

If you add one drop of Crystal energy per ounce to ordinary water to reverse osmosis or distilled water, it lowers the surface tension of that water to 45 dynes and the treated water goes right into the body as biological in nature and can be in intimate contact with the cells and enable their nourishment and toxin release.

You could drink a ton of ordinary 73 dyne water but if you don't have the micronutrients in your body to convert it into 45 dyne "living water" - and most if us don't due to our poor artificial modern environment - it won't permeate the cells, the cells will dehydrate and the water will just go into the body and flush out.

When the cells dehydrate, they start dying and the body starts eating its own tissues as it's not getting the nourishment that it needs and it also starts generating auto-immune diseases.

THE ABSORBTION FACTOR IN THE SUPPLEMENTS YOU ALREADY TAKE

Have you ever noticed taking vitamins or other supplements and not really getting much effect? This is a sign that those supplements are not getting fully absorbed by the body.

As an example, when you take 1,000 mg of Vitamin C, the body usually only gets about 300 mg and eliminates 700 mg through the intestines.

Patrick Flanagan took his process further and was able to dry the nano-colloids into a powder (called Microhydrin) that could be combined with other supplements and when this is done, their absorbability increases by about 300%. In the example above, the body gets the full use of all 1,000 mg of Vitamin C.

Slow Aging

Albert Szent-Gyorgyi the Hungarian Nobel Prize-winning biochemist who discovered Vitamin C said that hydrogen, rather than oxygen is the fuel of life.

Most of us have heard of the so-called Carbon Cycle in nature but it's really a Hydrogen Cycle. Here's how it works:

Plants take water and sunlight and break the water down into hydrogen and oxygen using sunlight and the hydrogen is used to make carbohydrates, lipids and proteins and the oxygen is emitted into the air and we breathe it.

We eat the plant material, and enzymes in the body called dehydrogenators remove the hydrogen from the food that the plant makes for us. We burn the hydrogen with oxygen and emit carbon dioxide into the air which the plant absorbs.

Carbohydrates are 1/3 carbon, 1/3 hydrogen and 1/3 oxygen. When the dehydrogenators release the hydrogen from the carbohydrates, it's burned with oxygen to create energy (fuel) for the body and the carbon and oxygen form the carbon-dioxide which is breathed out of the body.

Plants gives us hydrogen to burn as fuel in our bodies. 60% of the calories we eat turn into ATP, the chemical in our bodies that we burn as fuel. Half a gram of hydrogen is enough to create all the ATP we generate every day in our bodies and 20% of the calories that gives us a body temperature of 97-98 degrees.

Our bodies store hydrogen in "hydrogen pools" in the organs with the greatest amount stored in the liver which is the body's chemical factory and our most important organ for protection and self-defense. The liver detoxifies poisons to prevent them from getting into the body. Then hydrogen is stored in the intestine, then the lungs, then the spleen.

The hydrogen atom is the smallest atom known with only one electron. If hydrogen is ionised, it becomes H- which is hydrogen with one extra electron very loosely attached that it gives up easily. Electrons don't move in the body unless they are associated with hydrogen. A body in good health has abundant H- ionised molecules as does fresh organic orange juice and grapefruit juice (but which disappears very quickly).

Dr. Vincent, the Chief Hydrologist in France was sent to measure the quality of and effects of local water in different villages in France. In some villages he found people very sickly with no energy and in other villages he found people vibrantly healthy and happy. He measured the waters and did statistical research and found direct correlations between the water and their state of health.

He measured the water in three ways:

a) he measured the pH [p(otential of) h(ydrogen).] of the water. This is basically the acid-alkali balance. In this scale, 14 is highly alkaline, 7 is balanced and 0 is highly acid. This test measures the amount of positively charged hydrogen.

b) he measured the rH (relative hydrogen). This tests the amount of H- in the water. In this scale, which goes from 42 - via 28 - to 0, above 28 is highly oxidized with virtually no electrons available and below 28 there is an abundance of electrons.

The healthiest villages had water with an rH of 22 and the unhealthy ones had an rH way up towards 42. You'd have to drink a million glasses in the higher range to get the same number of electrons as in one glass of 22 water!

c) he measured the mineral content of the water, which also measures its conductivity and resistance.

When he did statistical analyses of his findings and compared them to the health of the people in the villages, he found that the healthiest water had a pH a little below 7, lots of electrons and few minerals.

Hunza water is loaded with electrons (it has an rH of 21 with is 10 times more than an rH of 22). You'd need 10 million glasses of ordinary water to get the same number of electrons as 1 glass of Hunza water! Organic orange juice has an rH of 7 and Microhydrin has an rH of 3 - the equivalent of 10,000 glasses of fresh organic orange juice. It has a huge amount of H- ions.

WHAT'S THE DEAL WITH ANTI-OXIDANTS AND FREE RADICALS?

Oxydization is what occurs as electrons are lost. As an example, if you drink the water at one of the 22 rH French villages, you get a lot of electrons. But if that water gets bottled (as it does) and sent halfway across the world, light destroys the hydrogen ions so the rH is no longer 22 and the water no longer has its abundance of electrons and it becomes oxidized.

All free radicals steal electrons from our cells. The aging process is basically free radical damage to the cells and DNA. Our bodies and cells are attacked 100,000 times a second by free radicals and all they want to do is steal electrons from our cells and if we don't have enough anti-oxidants (which give up electrons easier than cells do and thus protect our cells), they take them directly from the cells.

All anti-oxidants give up their electrons at different levels. Vitamin C is an anti-oxidant that gives up electrons but when it becomes oxidized, it itself becomes a free radical and now it wants to steal electrons. Pycnogenol or Vitamin E will give up electrons to Vitamin C and become free radicals themselves but not as harmful as the Vitamin C free radical was. This is what is known as the electron cascade and it is why a broad spectrum of anti-oxidants, including selenium, is needed.

H- is the only anti-oxidant that doesn't become a free radical when it gives up its electron. It gives up its electron, burns oxygen and becomes the most powerful anti-oxidant with ions so small that they can instantly go anywhere in the body.

So the basic secrets to Hunza water are a) the nano-colloid minerals, b) huge quantities of H- and c) the low surface tension.

Fresh organic produce also has lots of H- but if you're not on a Vegan diet, use Microhydrin to get the H- and get a great deal more of it. Cooking removes most negative ions and kills any life in the food and metal pans discharge the electrons as does metal cutlery

You can take Vitamin B12 and it may not do anything if you're not deficient in B12 but everyone is deficient in H-. A machine called the BTA or Biological Terrain Analyser developed by a Dr. Morrell which tests blood, saliva and urine for H+, H- and minerals found 100% of people low in H-, especially as they got older. They were all over-oxidized. The absence of electrons causes numerous diseases.

In soil with poor mineral content and poor pH and few electrons, corn will grow very poorly and weak and get attacked by insects and molds. It's the same in the body's biological terrain, the fluid surrounding the cells. Viruses, bacteria, molds, yeast and parasites cannot survive in a terrain that's healthy for the cells.

We come into contact daily with 3 million bacteria and viruses and cancer cells are constantly being formed in the body and being destroyed by the body. In a poor biological terrain, once they get a foothold, they release toxins which cause the body to use up electrons to alter the body's biological terrain less in favor of the cells
and more in favor of the attacking organism.

Increasing the electrons in the body makes an environment where the attacking organisms can't live and it improves the immune system and removes free radicals and poisons and toxins.

Medical science spends millions trying to attack the viruses which just become immune. This is trying to handle the wrong problem. The correct thing to do is to get the biological terrain in the right range.

The body should ideally be alkaline but with current foods goes more acid - cancer patients, for instance, have lots of ammonia in their bodies (and in their breath). The effect of pH on the viability of bacteria, viruses, fungus, yeast and cancer cells has only recently been understood. Pathogens, such as these, prefer a more acidic environment. Increasing pH to more alkaline levels can decrease the ability of these pathogens to cause illness and disease.

A contemporary of Louis Pasteur, Professor Claude Bernard stated, "The microbe is nothing, terrain is all." Pasteur, developer of the germ theory is reported to have said on his deathbed, "I have to agree with Bernard."

Cancer changes the body's biological terrain in its favor by emitting toxins and using the body to dump its electrons in the urine and the blood becomes oxidised. Cancer cells have no hydrogen in them at all. Get lots of electrons into the body and you'll help reduce the cancer.

There are many things that can rob the body of electrons - even such apparently "harmless" substances as toothpaste (which is highly oxidized) - as well as fluoride, tin and mercury. Those of you who have read the articles on dental amalgams in the Cybertown Health Center will appreciate the full import of this!

Many "good" herbs have no electrical charge until you add Crystal Energy and they come alive.

Hydrogen is the body's most needed nutrient. When you hydrate the cells they plump and become healthy and the body goes into an anabolic state - when the cells become dehydrated, the body goes into a catalytic state and eats its own muscles.

Crystal Energy lowers the surface tension so that the cells get hydrated and the water gets fully utilized by the body. Microhydrin releases tons of needed H- negatively charged electrons into the system and increases the absorbability and aliveness of the other nutrients that you take.

Eight glasses of good low surface tension water a day, exercise, good nutrition and a natural diet truly are the basic keys to a long and healthy, happy life.

Slow Aging

CHELATION
THE THINKING PERSON'S GUIDE TO PERFECT HEALTH

Chelation (pronounced key-lay-shun) is a chemical reaction that results in a bond being formed between a metal ion and an organic (i.e., carbon-based made mostly of carbon) molecule. The resulting complex, metal bound to molecule, is called a "chelate" and contains one or more rings of atoms in which the metal ion is so firmly bound it cannot escape. This allows the metal ion to be transported in the same manner as a prisoner, first handcuffed, then moved from one location to another.

In the presence of aging and disease, the cells' ability to move metal ions through the system and eliminate them when they are in excess becomes progressively impaired. This is especially true for calcium.

Calcium has vital functions in the human body. Without calcium, teeth and bones could not exist. Nevertheless, as the body ages, lipid peroxidation damages the walls of the arterial tree which is repaired leaving a scar. Then calcium and oxidized cholesterol are incorporated into the resulting scar tissue.

There are several known, and easily avoided, risk factors at work in the creation of arteriosclerosis. Lipid peroxidation begins the inflammatory process in the wall of the artery and is facilitated by the presence of: (1) polyunsaturated fatty acids (present in many "junk-foods"), (2) oxidized cholesterol (from cooked, i.e., pasteurized, milk and other animal foods cooked in open air), (3) the relative absence of antioxidants, such as vitamins A, C and E, and (4) high levels of homocysteine (a condition easily prevented with vitamins B6, B12 and folate). Tobacco smoke drains the body's resources of antioxidants, particularly vitamin C, and further accelerates arteriosclerosis.

If you know and apply these facts from an early age, there is no reason for arteriosclerosis to develop in your body. "Hardening of the arteries" is not an inevitable disease of aging, as you have been led to believe; it is a disease of bad habits. To know and apply these facts, you have to be willing to think for yourself and ah, there is the reason arteriosclerosis will continue to kill people. Maybe the good do die young but so do the uninformed and dogmatic.

As the years pass, calcium deposits build up, and in association with cholesterol, calcified plaques and atherosclerotic plaques form, lining the arterial vessels. When calcium predominates, this process is called "hardening of the arteries" or arteriosclerosis, and when cholesterol predominates it is called "atherosclerosis." The exact content of the plaques is determined by the individual's diet, antioxidant intake and duration of the process. Regardless of where on the arterio-/athero- sclerotic continuum any particular individual falls, the result is the same: less and less fresh oxygen delivered to the tissues of the body.

It once was thought this process began in middle or old age. It is now known to begin in childhood in many people. The severity of this life-long process is determined by genetics, level of exercise and dietary habits. By age 21, many individuals have arterial disease, easily recognized at surgery or autopsy.

This is a disease of modern civilization. Never before have people so young had arteriosclerosis. As recently as the year 1900, heart disease was very rare. It may be that airborne industrial pollutants, as well as herbicides, pesticides and preservatives in our food, have a lot to do with arterio-/athero-sclerosis.

The cholesterol content of these plaques can be handled by shifting to a no-fat, high-fiber diet. Plaques actually decrease in size, and the cholesterol content can eventually disappear. Lipid peroxidation itself can be halted by the liberal intake of antioxidants such as Beta-carotene (the precursor of vitamin A), mixed tocopherols (vitamin E) and vitamin C, so no further damage is caused to the arterial tree.

The calcium content of the scar-plaques already present is another matter. Diet and pure water have little effect on it. Therefore, if you want to restore your health to a completely youthful condition, you are facing a real challenge with arteriosclerosis.

The list of problems that can be caused by artery disease is truly impressive, but it should not be surprising that it is so extensive given that a fresh supply of oxygenated blood is absolutely necessary for proper functioning in any organ. Even diseases that are more complicated, in that they have causes other than decreased blood flow, are made worse by arterial disease.

A prime example is Alzheimer's Disease. True Alzheimer's Disease is mimicked by simple aterio-/athero-sclerosis of the arteries and arterioles supplying the brain. Diabetes is known to be made worse by poor blood flow to the pancreas, and poor blood supply also can cause decreased output of digestive enzymes from the exocrine part of the pancreas, causing incomplete digestion.

Decreased blood supply to the kidneys results in the inappropriate release of angiotensin by the kidneys, inducing hypertension throughout the vascular tree. The joints, particularly the joints of the low back, react with inflammation and pain to decreasing blood flow and this, along with the degeneration of ligament tissue and disc disease, is responsible for the so-called "low back syndrome."

Arterio-/athero-sclerosis plays a big part in the cause of arthritis throughout the body. The effect of this process on the heart is angina (chest pain originating in the heart) and eventually infarc- tion and death. Poor blood supply to the stomach and small intestines results in poor digestion. Poor blood supply to the colon causes slowing of the colon with resulting colon disease.

The effect on the extremities is cold hands and feet, and in an advanced case, gangrene of the extremities can result. Impotence can be caused by decreased blood flow to the penis due to clogged arterioles. Frigidity can be caused by decreased blood flow to the pelvis. Cancer is known to be accelerated by decreased blood flow to the affected tissues. When blood flow is decreased to the immunocompetent cells in the bone marrow and spleen, the immune system itself is weakened.

The list of pains, aches, discomforts and diseases caused, or made worse by, arterio-/athero-sclerosis goes on and on. The above discussion is not complete and could not be made complete unless expanded to book size. Fortunately, there is a way to deal with arteriosclerosis. The answer is chelation.

Prevention of Arteriosclerosis: Oral Chelation

An ounce of prevention certainly is worth a pound of cure. The oral chelating agents serve admirably to prevent or halt the progression of arteriosclerosis, but do little to reverse the disease once it is present. You probably already are taking one of the oral chelating agents, vitamin C. This is an excellent oral chelating agent and also easily available. Also, fresh vegetables are loaded with other natural and effective chelating agents.

Exercise-generated Chelation

Lactic acid, produced from exercise, is an excellent chelating agent. It is the metabolic byproduct of sustained, vigorous muscle contraction. To get this chelating agent, you must exercise regu- larly. Exercise also increases your body's ability to reduce, and thus neutralize, free radicals, which are at the heart of degenerative diseases.

Awaken Nutrition

What is Chelation? Chelation (pronounced key-LAY-shun) is a term derived from the Greek chele, meaning "claw." A chelation agent is a chemical agent that, like a claw, grabs and chemically bonds with metals or other minerals and toxins. Simply put, chelation is the process in which chemicals bind with minerals. While chelation is a naturally occurring biological process (hemoglobin binds with iron to provide oxygen to tissues), synthesized chelation agents were first developed during World War II as a way to clear toxic metals from the body. Chemists discovered they could create a heterocycling ring of molecules which surround or "sequester" mineral molecules and carry them from the body through normal elimination.

This process of chelation actually removes unwanted metals from the bloodstream. In fact, chelation therapy is the only way to treat lead poisoning. But lead is not the only metal cleansed from the body through chelation. A chelation agent will also bind with most metals, mineral deposits, calcium-based plaques and other chemical toxins. Because of its positive impact on the bloodstream, chelation therapy has proven to benefit a number of medical conditions, including atherosclerosis and arteriosclerosis.

At Awaken Nutrition, we consider oral chelation therapy a vital step toward cleansing the body of contaminants. However, we believe there must be a more effective product to complete the toxin-removal task efficiently. We also believe that oral chelating will soon become a primary frontline treatment for severely and chronically ill patients.

Our research and development has resulted in the creation of PCA-Rx oral chelation, a breakthrough peptide clathration formula and our solution to physiological toxicity. Laboratory studies have shown it to effectively clear heavy metals, toxins, plaque, pesticides, chemicals, and residuals from prior bacterial and viral infections.

It also seems to target the liver for detoxification and to lower both elevated enzyme counts and mercury levels in children with autism. What is Chelation? Chelation is a well-known method of heavy metal and toxin removal in which a special chemical compound called a chelate - such as dimercaptosuccinic acid (DMSA), dimercaptopropane sulfonate (DMPS), or ethylene diaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA) - is given, usually intravenously.

The chelate finds and forms a single attachment to the toxin with one reversible ionic bond. With that bond intact, the toxin is grabbed onto, pulled off the cell and carried from the body. However, the toxin is not neutralized during this process and is potentially able to attach to other cells on its way out.

Conventional chelation also has a harder time clearing heavy metals from cells (due to having only one method of bonding to the toxin) and some chelating substances even remove needed minerals from the body with the toxins, resulting in some adverse side effects.

What is Clathration? Clathration is a unique form of chelation therapy in which the clathrating substance - such as PCA-Rx - is given orally. This clathrate then finds and encloses the toxin in a three-dimensional cage-like inclusion complex (also known as a lattice structure or matrix) using three different types of irreversible bonds.

These bonds attach to and completely envelop the toxin - essentially neutralizing it - to keep it from coming into contact with any other bodily tissues as it is carried from the body. In this way, the unnatural contaminant has no way of re-attaching to and damaging the body as it is flushed out. This method is especially effective against heavy metals. Herein lies the power of PCA-Rx. For more on how PCA-Rx and clathration work in the toxin removal process, see Learn More About PCA-Rx.

Reversing Heart Disease

You can bypass drugs, surgery, angioplasty or bypass procedures to heal or prevent heart and other modern diseases such as asthma and diabetes. Here is a simple prescription you can use to chelate (pronounced key-late), or cleanse arteriosclerotic blockages, stimulate your immune system and cleanse toxins from the cardiovascular and all cellular systems and organs of the body.

It is not news that living an imbalanced life is stressful to the body. Here the focus is upon the physical body; however, unwholesome spiritual, mental and emotional bodies can be as toxic to your physical body as smoking a pack of cigarettes a day or drinking excessive amounts of alcohol.

Chelation (pronounced key-lay-shun) therapy has proven to be a safe and effective alternative to bypass surgery for atherosclerosis?and it has been shown by research that illnesses traced to toxins in the body, such as cancer and chronic fatigue syndrome, can also be eliminated using chelation therapy. (Elmer Cranton, M.D.,Well Being Journal, January/February, 1998.)1

What is chelation therapy? The simplest explanation is that it is a process wherein molecules of toxic debris, such as heavy metals found in accumulations of plaque on artery or vascular linings in the brain and all systems of the body, are bonded with molecules of chelation substances that pull them out of the body. The chelation effect also takes place automatically from natural bodily processes. It is when disease has taken a foothold that you may wish to accelerate or amplify the natural chelation processes of the body. How?

There are many ways to support and accelerate the body's natural chelation process. Certain foods help the process and some hinder, or are part of the disease creation process throughout the system. Evidence is pointing to foods with additives, hydrogenated oils, simple sugars and carbohydrates, and foods grown with chemicals, pesticides and herbicides as being poor health choices, and of course plentiful research shows toxins in the water and air are also causing a great deal of disease from chemical sensitivities in most human bodies.

SEVERAL SOLUTIONS

Most of us eat conventionally grown foods, lacking in nutrition, rather than organic, and then we don't drink enough water to flush out the toxins that were used to make the conventional foods grow. The water most of us drink is chlorinated and probably fluoridated. Add to that all of the processed foods sold in the supermarkets, foods with additional chemical additives, flavorings, colorings, sweeteners, salts and artificial sweeteners, and you have toxins entering the body on a constant, daily basis.

(Solution: Many people have begun writing to and calling the corporations that produce and market foods asking for organic products; they may boycott conventionally produced foods, or buy only organically produced fruits, vegetables and animals, even driving many miles extra to stores that sell these products.) Why? Organically grown foods, and especially the nutrients and fibers from fruits and vegetables, naturally nourish the body and chelate toxins from it. Most organic growers use strong seed lines, not environmentally (generationally) or genetically modified seeds.

Regarding drinking water, F. Batmanghelidj, M.D., has shown without doubt that the vast majority of us humans have not been drinking enough water.2 Mountain spring water, with its mineralized and magnetic properties, is the best water to drink. Pure artesian water is a second best choice. Pure, vigorous water nourishes and chelates toxins from the body due to its magnetic and trace mineral properties. However, if you are putting too many toxins into the body, it would take far more copious amounts of water to cleanse them out than you or I would wish to drink.3

You may wish to chelate toxins, residues and plaque from your body in a more immediate way if you have an emergency situation, and then gradually include an organic diet to both cleanse and prevent recurrence in the future. What is an immediate, clinical way to chelate, especially in cases of cardiovascular disease?

CLEANSING OUT THE TOXINS

An immediate way to speed the chelation process very dramatically is to go to a clinic as an ?out-patient? and have a doctor inject ethylene diamine terra acetic acid (EDTA) into your veins. This is also a natural chelating procedure that specifically targets toxic metals, and it works systemically. It has been proven that EDTA chelation therapy is not only effective, even in ?emergency? cases of cardiovascular disease, but also much safer and far less expensive than surgery or angioplasty.1

The staff at the American College for Advancement in Medicine will refer you to medical doctors who practice EDTA chelation therapy nationally: 1-949-583-7666.

Preventive or non-emergency measures also exist for chelating the body. There are ?oral chelation? formulas, or supplements that can be taken, and these are available at health stores. Also, large amounts (varying for each individual person) of up to 25,000 mg./day of vitamin C, mineral ascorbate form, is a very effective chelator, as are vitamin E (400-800 IU/day), bilberry and ginkgo biloba, as all are antioxidants.

Health-related reference literature is abundant with research studies reporting beneficial results of using these vitamin and nutrient chelators as supplements. Consult your health practitioner if you need assistance in determining amounts for you. From hereon this article will focus on a form of exercise that has been found remarkably efficient in chelating toxic elements from the body. Journal readers will recognize rebounding and its immune system stimulating and cellular-level toxic debris removing effects from the Fall, 2001 issue of the Journal (?Bouncing for Health?).4

CREATE YOUR OWN CHELATION THERAPY BY REBOUNDING




Dr. Morton Walker, D.P.M., states that exercising on a rebounder (mini-trampoline) causes ?a natural process of chelation therapy to proceed throughout the body.? There are many sources indicating the overall health-giving effects of rebounding exercise. (See Well Being Journal, Fall, 2001, for more information.)4 Rene and Maggie Gaudette and the Wonders write: ?The protocol [of taking antioxidant supplements and doing rebounding exercise]... eliminates a good portion of cellulite, which is an accumulation of toxins within the fat structure of the body.


Also that exercise 'bouncing up and down on a mini-trampoline' is a good way of loosening up all of that fat structure so that the toxins can be eliminated... You shake it up and down. Rebounding clears the lymph glands, it provides the aerobic exercise for the heart, it provides oxygenation to the body, it is not destructive to the joints of the body, it loosens the toxins within the subdermal portion of the skin in the body, it allows the body to perspire, it even allows your hair to grow a little longer because when you go up and you come down it pulls the hair out of your scalp. And it tones the muscles. There are many [more] benefits...?3


Dr. Walker writes: "Exercising on a minitrampoline for its beneficial rebounding result enables you to create chelation therapy within your body and brain.? How does chelation take place? First of all, each cell in the body is ?exercised? when bouncing up and down. The force of gravity first pulls, then releases each cell, thus stimulating cells to move their fluids and flush out toxic material as well as absorb nutrients.


Additionally, the valves in the lymphatic system, the powerful force behind your immune system, open and close and pump lymphatic fluid during bouncing, even with very gentle up and down bouncing movements. The lymph fluid then removes toxins from the body as a whole, and it even produces more white blood cells. Those who have had major illnesses, such as cancer, attribute healing to the use of rebounding once per hour for two to three minutes. White blood cells increase dramatically during a short session of two to three minutes of rebounding.

Albert Carter, who first discovered the rebounding effect in the late 1970s, called it ?the most efficient, effective form of exercise yet devised by man.?5 Dr. Walker states that ?your whole cardiovascular system becomes stronger even without increasing its heart rate,?5 thus the elderly or ill need not begin vigorously exercising in order to receive chelation or other health benefits from rebounding.

One of the many ways rebounding helps chelate toxins from the body and specifically from the cardiovascular system is through the stimulation of production of lactic acid by the muscles.

Lactic acid is a natural by-product of muscular activity. Shirley Vanderbilt writes: ?There are elevated levels of lactic acid in muscle tissues after exercise....?6 She cites research by exercise physiologist Dr. George Brooks from the 1980s: ?Lactic acid is a key substance for providing energy, disposing dietary carbohydrate, producing blood glucose and liver glycogen....

Lactic acid goes through a chemical cycle ultimately becoming lactate, which can then be transported quickly from the muscle into the blood. Lactate levels in the blood rise during moderate exercise. At the completion of exercise, lactate levels return to normal within an hour. Light exercise is the most effective approach to speed this process. The muscles copiously produce lactic acid during light exercise.?

Dr. Walker notes that lactic acid is a weak organic acid that chelates toxic components. He states, ?Because natural lactic acid acts in the same way as does the medical intravenous infusion of the chelating amino acid EDTA, the resulting responses from rebound movements produce numerous therapeutic effects...:

1. They dissolve atherosclerotic plaque attached to the intima (the innermost layer of arteries);

2. They pull [toxins] out of the media layer of blood vessel walls; and

3. They trap the foreign proteins that occupy space between cell membranes and then remove these unwanted proteins for deposition as waste, carrying away also the toxic type of proteins for processing through in the kidneys as urine, through the liver as nitrogenous waste, and then through the bowel as feces.?

Walker cites a study done in Sweden almost twenty-five years ago, where exercise therapists evaluated a group of hospitalized patients whose chief difficulties were palpitations of the heart, breathlessness from cardiovascular inadequacy, peripheral vascular insufficiency indicated by cold hands and feet, dizziness, headaches and deep sighing. He states that ?each patient averaged 5.4 symptoms.?

Collectively these patients had been suffering from 150 different clinically recorded ailments, but by the end of the program of rebounding the clinicians found only 21 persisting symptoms; 68 symptoms had diminished and 44 ailments were entirely gone. ?The average number of symptoms per patient had dropped from 5.4 to 1.1,? writes Walker.

The clinicians at the Karolinska Institute who conducted this investigation concluded that ?rebound exercise protects and strengthens the cardiovascular and peripheral vascular systems,? and offsets any potential harm caused by catecholamines, or nerve transmitting chemicals released under stress, that increase blood pressure.

Dr. Walker concludes: ?For a sick person who is able to rebound even in the midst of illness, rebounding serves as a physiological antidote to [catecholamines] that act as internal stressors. Besides cellular detoxification and nourishment, rebounding produces a kind of cellular sedative that gives any damaged or sick cells the opportunity to heal themselves.?5

James R. White, Ph.D., an exercise physiologist at the University of California, San Diego, whose research Walker cites, asserts that a rebound exercise program has the following cardiovascular health benefits:

1. Increased strength and size of the left ventricle of the heart;

2. Increased diameter of the heart;

3. Increased diameter of the arteries of the heart;

4. Increased number of latent arteries used for distributing blood to the heart and the rest of the body.

5. Slowdown of the heart rate; and

6. Decreased amount of oxygen needed by the heart.

Rebounding even causes peripheral vascular improvement of occlusive disease by encouraging blood clots in the limbs to dissolve.

Since rebounding also stimulates the immune system through lymphatic fluid drainage and more production of white blood cells?due to the force of gravity pull and then release during the act of jumping?the effects are beneficial not only for the rest of the body, but especially for the blood circulatory system. Walker cites the work of Hitendra H. Shah, M.D.

[Dr. Shah strongly recommends rebound exercise. Rebounding, he emphasizes, must be part of any chelation/detoxification program for reaping the optimal advantages of intravenous EDTA chelation therapy], who notes: ?Several problems occur when the lymph drainage slows and fluids begin to accumulate around the cells....

Cells are forced to survive in their own waste and toxic byproducts. Such a situation can eventually lead to the degeneration and destruction of organs. For example, poor lymphatic drainage of the extremities can lead to tissue damage and then to poor blood circulation with swelling and pain.... [S]imilar problems can happen in any other organs of the body.?

CONCLUSION

Given the amount of toxins in our water, air and food?and thus entering our bodies?and given the viruses and bacteria we encounter, it is not difficult to understand why doctors and other health professionals not only rebound every day themselves but recommend it to their patients.

Rebounding stimulates the immune system like no other form of exercise due to its effects on the lymphatic system; it stimulates cellular cleansing, exercises the musculo-skeletal system, and helps restore bone density?and it is simple, gentle on the joints of the body and an enjoyable! exercise anyone can do. Dr. Walker recommends the Soft Bounce? Needak? brand of rebounders in his book, but any good quality rebounder will give you results and be gentle on the body at the same time.

The Needak? absorbs 85% of the impact when you jump. Imagine the potentials, if rebounding alone can help you achieve these kinds of results, if you combine this exercise with drinking plenty of pure mountain spring or artesian water and a wholesome organic food diet (thus helping clean up the ?outer? environment too), along with a balanced spiritual, mental, emotional and physical life. It seems it may very well be easier to be healthy than ill.